ORGANIC REACTIONS

An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic modification (or racemate or racemic mixture). When enantiomers are mixed together in equal proportion, the rotation caused by a molecule of one isomer is exactly canceled by an equal and opposite rotation caused by a molecule of its enantiomer....

FISCHER PROJECTION FORMULA: It is a two-dimensional depiction of an organic molecule at the tetrahedral carbon center. The four bonds at the tetrahedral carbon are represented by two vertical and two horizontal straight lines. The vertical lines are presumed to lie below the plane of the paper and...

The synthesis of ketones from N-methoxy-N-methyl amide, called as Weinreb amide, using organometallic reagents is known as the Weinreb ketone synthesis. Generally, the direct conversion of acid chlorides or esters to ketones using organometallic reagents does not result in a high yield of ketones because...

The direct conversion of carboxylic acids or acid chlorides or esters to ketones or aldehydes using organometallic reagents usually does not result in high yield because the intermediate ketones are highly reactive towards the organometallic reagents. However, after derivatization of these carboxylic...

During the early 1970s Tsutomu Mizoroki and Richard F. Heck independently discovered that the reaction of aryl, benzyl, and styryl halides with alkenes at a high temperature in the presence of a hindered amine base and palladium catalyst resulted in the equivalent substituted alkenes. The Palladium-catalyzed...

In 1976, the first palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of organotin compounds was accomplished by C. Eaborn, et al. The next year, M. Kosugi and T. Migita described the transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of organotin compounds with aryl halides and acid chlorides. Following this, in 1978, J.K....

Aryl amines and related heterocycles are essential components in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and various other compounds. This significance has driven chemists to seek advanced methods for forming carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bonds efficiently. Historically, the formation of C(sp2)-N...

Introducing a bromine substituent at the allylic positions of olefins or at the benzylic positions of alkylated aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds is known as the Wohl-Ziegler Bromination reaction. The procedure utilizes N-Bromo succinimide (NBS) as a typical brominating agent in refluxing carbon tetrachloride...

Cross-coupling reactions occur when two reagents react together with a metal catalyst to form a new covalent bond. A cross-coupling reaction in organic synthesis occurs when two fragments are joined together with the aid of a metal catalyst. Cross-coupling has been an essential reaction in catalytic...

An indirect method for the selective alkylation and acylation of an aldehyde or ketone is via an intermediate called ‘Enamine’. An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived from the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine. Enamine can be compared with ‘Enol’. Enamines are considered...