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Amines are reactive functional groups that can participate in a variety of chemical reactions. While this reactivity can be advantageous in some reactions, it can also be problematic in others. For example, amines can react with other reagents or functional groups in the reaction mixture, leading to unwanted side reactions or products. To prevent these …

PROTECTION OF AMINE: di-tert-butyl dicarbonate [Boc anhydride (Boc)₂O]: Boc protection Read More »

Amines are incredibly versatile and important compounds in organic chemistry. They play crucial roles in both natural and synthetic chemistry, and their unique properties make them useful in a wide range of applications. Amines are present in many natural biologically important molecules, such as amino acids and nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of …

REDUCTIVE AMINATION: USING SODIUM TRIACETOXYBOROHYDRIDE AND SODIUM CYANOBOROHYDRIDE Read More »

The introduction of formyl (-CHO) group into electron -rich aromatic compounds using a Vilsmeier reagent is known as the Vilsmeier-Haack formylation reaction. The Vilsmeier reagent is prepared from any N, N-disubstituted formamide by reacting it with an acid chloride like phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3), oxalyl chloride ((COCl)2), or thionyl chloride (SOCl2). Most oftenly, the combination of …

VILSMEIER REAGENT: Vilsmeier-Haack formylation reaction Read More »

ACID–CATALYZED DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS Diethyl ether and several other symmetrical ethers are prepared by the acid-catalyzed dehydration of alcohols. The yields are usually higher for symmetrical ethers formed from unbranched primary alcohols. The yields are lower for the secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols give alkene as the major product instead of ethers. MECHANISM The proton …

SYNTHESIS OF ETHER Read More »

Diazonium salt is a versatile and important class of compounds in organic chemistry. It has played a significant role in the development of the chemical industry, particularly in the production of dyes and pharmaceuticals. The discovery of diazonium salt is attributed to the German chemist Peter Griess, who first synthesized it in 1858. Since then, …

DIAZONIUM SALTS AND SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS: Read More »

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon in which one plant produces biochemicals that affect the growth, survival, or reproduction of other plants. Some plants can have a positive allelopathic effect on others, helping to improve their growth or health, while others can have a negative effect, inhibiting or even killing nearby plants. Here are some examples …

ALLELOPATHY AND ALLELOCHEMICALS: CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF COMMON ALLELOCHEMICALS Read More »

In the previous article we have discussed about the deoxygenation of alcohols, which is a common synthetic procedure. There are two main methods for deoxygenation: radical and nucleophilic. The radical deoxygenation method was exemplified by the Barton-McCombie reaction, which involves the free-radical reduction of a thiocarbonyl derivative of the alcohol (for more details see our …

NUCLEOPHILIC DEOXYGENATION OF ALCOHOLS: USING LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDES OR BOROHYDRIDES Read More »

Alcohols are a ubiquitous and versatile class of compounds in organic chemistry. They are present in natural products, pharmaceuticals, etc., and are ubiquitous synthetic handles for a multitude of organic transformations. The undergraduate and graduate courses are full of reactions that can transform alcohols into different other functional groups. Oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds …

REDUCTION OF ALCOHOL: DEOXYGENATION: BARTON-McCOMBIE RADICAL DEOXYGENATION Read More »

DESS-MARTIN PERIODINANE (DMP): In 1983, D. B. Dess and J. C. Martin reported DMP (Dess-Martin Periodinane). This periodinane, which is far more soluble in organic solvents than IBX (2-Iodoxybenzoic acid), is a mild, selective reagent for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones respectively. Since DMP is expensive, it is usually …

OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS: PART III: DMP AND TEMPO Read More »

Parikh-Doering Oxidation: The oxidation of primary and secondary alcohol to aldehyde and ketone respectively using sulfur trioxide in the form of its pyridine complex (SO3.C5H5N) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of a base [triethyl amine (TEA)] is called as the Parikh-Doering oxidation. In this reaction, DMSO acts as an oxidant, and SO3 as …

OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS: PART II: DMSO AS AN OXIDANT Read More »