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DIECKMANN CONDENSATION: FORMATION OF CYCLIC βeta-KETOESTERS

May 21, 2023 / By

Dieckmann condensation is a type of organic reaction that involves the intramolecular condensation of diesters with base to form cyclic β-ketoesters. The reaction is named after the German chemist Walter Dieckmann. Dieckmann condensation was first reported by Walter Dieckmann in 1894, who synthesized cyclic β-ketoesters from α,ω-diesters using potassium cyanide as a base. Later, he …

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HOFMANN REACTION || HOFMANN DEGRADATION || HOFMANN REARRANGEMENT

May 14, 2023 / By

The Hofmann reaction (also called Hofmann degradation or Hofmann rearrangement) was previously reported in 1881 by the German chemist August Wilhelm Von Hofmann (1818–1892) and is the conversion of carboxamides (amide) into primary amines with one fewer carbon atom. The Hofmann rearrangement involves the conversion of an amide to an amine containing one fewer carbon …

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OXIDATION BY LEAD TETRAACETATE || CRIEGEE OXIDATION

May 14, 2023 / By

Lead tetraacetate [Pb(OAc)4] is a commercially available crystalline solid used as a solution in acetic acid or benzene for the oxidation of organic compounds. Although lead tetraacetate may be employed for the oxidation of wide variety of organic compounds, its primary use is for the oxidative cleavage of 1,2-diols. Oxidative cleavage of diols, particularly vicinal …

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OPPENAUER OXIDATION: A GENTLE METHOD FOR OXIDIZING SECONDARY ALCOHOLS

May 7, 2023 / By

If you are looking for a way to convert secondary alcohols to ketones without affecting other sensitive functional groups, you might want to consider the Oppenauer oxidation. This is a classic organic reaction that was discovered by Rupert Viktor Oppenauer in 1912. In this blog post, I will explain what the Oppenauer oxidation is, how it works, …

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PERACID OXIDATION: OXIDATION OF CARBON – CARBON DOUBLE BOND | EPOXIDATION | PRILEZHAEV REACTION

May 7, 2023 / By

The reaction is named after Russian chemist Nikolay Prilezhaev, who first reported the reaction in 1909. The Prilezhaev reaction, also known as the Prilezhaev epoxidation, is a chemical reaction that involves the conversion of an alkene to an epoxide using an organic peroxy acid (also called peracid), such as meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) or peracetic acid. …

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PERACID OXIDATION: BAEYER – VILLIGER OXIDATION/REARRANGEMENT – OXIDATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

April 30, 2023 / By

The Baeyer Villiger oxidation is an organic reaction that converts a ketone into an ester or a cyclic ketone into a lactone by breaking a carbon-carbon bond and inserting an oxygen atom. The reaction requires a peroxyacid or a peroxide as the oxidizing agent and can be catalyzed by a Lewis acid. The reaction is …

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REIMER TIEMANN REACTION: A USEFUL METHOD FOR AROMATIC FORMYLATION

April 30, 2023 / By

The Reimer Tiemann reaction was first reported by Karl Reimer in 1876, who obtained salicylaldehyde from phenol and chloroform in an alkaline solution. He also observed that other phenols gave similar products but with varying yields and selectivities. In 1881, Ferdinand Tiemann joined Reimer’s research group and improved the reaction conditions by using sodium ethoxide …

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OXIDATION BY POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (KMnO4): ALCOHOL, ALDEHYDE, ALKENE (OLEFIN), AROMATIC SIDE-CHAIN

April 23, 2023 / By

OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL: Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a very strong oxidant able to oxidize many functional groups like alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes, etc. Under controlled conditions, KMnO4 oxidizes primary alcohols to carboxylic acids and secondary alcohols to ketones. OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDE: Aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) under acidic or basic conditions is a more commonly …

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OXIDATION OF ALCOHOL BY MANGANESE DIOXIDE (MnO2)

April 23, 2023 / By

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is an oxidizing reagent for the selective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This reaction is widely used in organic synthesis and can be applied to a variety of alcohol substrates, including allylic, propargylic, benzylic, and heterocyclic alcohols, as well as saturated alcohols and 1,2-diols. The …

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AMIDE COUPLING BY USING HATU:

April 16, 2023 / By

In the field of medicinal/organic chemistry, the amide coupling reaction has become very popular in recent years. The amide bond is a fundamental component of proteins and is formed by condensing a carboxylic acid and an amine. This reaction is preferred by chemists because there is a vast range of carboxylic acid and amine derivatives …

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