The condensation of a CH-activated compound (usually an aldehyde or ketone) with a primary or secondary amine (or ammonia) and a non-enolizable aldehyde (or ketone) to afford β-amino ketone is known as the Mannich reaction. In this transformation, three components, a ketone, an aldehyde, and an amine, react to form a β-amino ketone. The product …
The classical Reformatsky reaction is defined as the zinc-induced reaction between an α-halo ester and an aldehyde and ketone. In this reaction, an α-halo ester (usually an α-bromo ester) is reduced with zinc to form a halozinc enolate in the presence of an aldehyde or ketone. The reaction is a two-stage process: first the activated …
The Michael reaction is a versatile organic chemical reaction named after its discoverer, Arthur Michael. The nucleophilic addition of enolate anion (or analogous nucleophile) to the carbon–carbon double bond of α, β-unsaturated ketones, aldehydes, nitriles, or carboxylic acid derivatives is known as the Michael reaction or Michael addition reaction. Currently, all reactions that involve the …
It is a base-catalyzed rearrangement of α-halo ketones with at least one α-hydrogen to form a carboxylic acid, an ester, or an amide is called the Favorskii rearrangement. The product formed depends upon the base used: hydroxide (-OH‾) gives carboxylic acid (-COOH), alkoxide(RO‾) gives an ester (-COOR), and the use of an amine(-NH2) gives an …
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The process of transforming benzil, an α-diketone, into the salt of α-hydroxy acid, followed by the conversion to benzylic acid upon acidification, is commonly known as the benzilic acid rearrangement or benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement. This rearrangement is typically performed using water, aqueous ethanol, or other aqueous organic solvents like aqueous dioxane, and it can even …
BENZILIC ACID REARRANGEMENT || BENZIL-BENZILIC ACID REARRANGEMENT Read More »
Knoevenagel condensation is a nucleophilic addition of an active methylene compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is eliminated (hence condensation). Specifically, the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with active methylene compounds in the presence of a weak base to afford α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl, or related compounds …
The Darzens reaction or Darzens glycidic ester condensation is a chemical reaction of a ketone or an aldehyde with an α-halo ester in the presence of a base to form an α,β-epoxy ester, also called “glycidic ester”. The reaction was discovered by the organic chemist Auguste Georges Darzens in 1904. The most frequently used bases …
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The pyrolytic elimination or Ei (elimination internal/intramolecular) mechanism is a special kind of elimination reaction where two vicinal groups on an alkane framework leave simultaneously through a cyclic transition state to form an alkene. The formation of olefins by pyrolysis of the corresponding xanthates (containing at least one β-hydrogen) via cis-elimination is known as the …
PYROLYTIC ELIMINATION || PYROLYSIS OF XANTHATES || CHUGAEV ELIMINATION REACTION Read More »
The benzoin reaction, also known as benzoin condensation, is a chemical process named after the product it produces. It involves the combination of two aromatic aldehyde molecules with the help of a catalyst. One aldehyde acts as an acyl anion, while the other aldehyde acts as a carbon electrophile. This results in the formation of …
BENZOIN CONDENSATION CATALYZED BY N-HETEROCYCLIC CARBENE (NHC) Read More »
Benzoin condensation is a type of organic reaction that involves the coupling of two aldehydes to form an α-hydroxyketone, also known as an acyloin (Benzoin). The reaction is named after the product obtained when benzaldehyde is used as the starting material, which is benzoin. Benzoin condensation is an important reaction in organic chemistry, as it …